Electrons are held in one or more shells, constrained to their orbital paths by virtue of a force of attraction towards the nucleus which contains an equal number of protons(positive charge carriers). Since like charges repel and unlike charges attract, negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. A similar principle can be demonstrated by observing the attraction between two permanent magnets; the two North poles of the magnets will repel each other, while a North and South pole will attract. In the same way, the unlike charges of the negative electron and the positive proton experience a force of mutual attraction.
The outer shell electrons of a conductor can be reasonably easily interchanged between adjacent atoms within the lattice of atoms of which the substance is composed. This makes it possible for the material to conduct electricity. Typical examples of conductors are metals such as copper, silver, iron and aluminium. By contrast, the outer shell electrons of an insulator are firmly bound to their parent atoms and virtually no interchange of electrons is possible. Typical examples of insulators are plastics, rubber and ceramic materials.
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